Richard Friedman's presentation began with a review of the general intellectual history of analytic theories of homosexuality, from Freud's classical model through the views of more contemporary investigators. He then commented on the impact of the gay affirmative movement within psychoanalysis, described current research into the psychobiological substrate of sexual orientation, and addressed the question of the universality of unconscious bisexuality, especially in the context of the analytic relationship. He stressed that etiological models that construe homosexuality as the result of “developmental derailment, character pathology, and sexual pathology” derive from the study of pathological populations and are therefore not