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This evening's scientific meeting, to an overflow crowd, began the institute's celebration of the 125th anniversary year of Karen Horney's birth by hosting one of the most prominent feminist writers of our time, Carol Gilligan. Gilligan, who is perhaps best known for her 1982 work In a Different Voice, was a faculty member at Harvard for 34 years, where she initiated the Harvard Project on Women's Psychology and Girls' Development and collaborated on several books with her students, such as Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women's Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education (1988); Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School (1990); Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development (1992); Between Voice and Silence: Women and Girls, Race and Relationship (1995). Since becoming full professor at New York University in 2002 she has published three books, including The Birth of Pleasure (2002), Kyra (2008) and The Deepening Darkness: Patriarchy, Resistance, & Democracy's Future (2009) with co-author David A. J. Richards.
Gilligan began her talk by acknowledging her longstanding admiration for Horney's grasp of the role culture plays in the development of both personality and neurotic trends, as well as Horney's courage in resisting the dominant theories of her time with her own insights into women's psychology. Gilligan described how teaching with Erik Erikson in his course on the human life cycle at Harvard and writing In a Different Voice led her to the discovery that psychological theory was grounded in the study of boys', not girls', moral development. Her more recent research with David Richards on ethical resistance and constitutional democracy revealed that “the freeing of an ethically resisting voice was often accompanied by the freeing of a sexual voice” from patriarchy, a link that led her to revisit the early work of Freud.
Gilligan examined Freud and Breuer's discovery, revealed in Stud