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As revolutionary paradigm shifts go, you would be hard-pressed to identify one as seismic as the birth of psychoanalysis with the possible exception of Copernicus' assertion that the sun rather than the earth was at the centre of the universe, in spite of appearances. For Freud, of course, what was at the centre of the internal universe was also not apparent but rather something hidden, to be uncovered by the careful application of a scientific investigation; human nature could not simply be deduced from a set of religious principles nor by a crude positivism relying