The preceding examination attempted to demonstrate that introspection and empathy are essential ingredients of psychoanalytic observation and that the limits of psychoanalysis are, therefore, defined by the potential limits of introspection and empathy. Several specific inaccuracies, omissions, and errors in the use of psychoanalytic concepts were discussed. It was shown that these defects were due to the neglect of the fact that psychoanalytic theory—the theory of an empirical science—is derived from the field of inner experiences observed through introspection and empathy.