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IT IS THIRTY YEARS since I have been committed to psychoanalysis. These years span nearly its entire modern period, most of which has been centered in the United States. The events which changed the world after Hitler came to power halted the development of psychoanalysis in Europe and moved it to the western hemisphere with a surviving foothold only in Britain. By far the larger number of European psychoanalysts found a haven and an opportunity for many scientifically productive years in this country. But these years have also seen the gradual appearance of social issues and problems like those which confronted Freud and his early collaborators. I have been in close touch with and to a considerable extent involved in these revived issues and problems and I propose to review and discuss them.
Speaking before the A.A.A.S. at its Atlanta meeting in 1955, Harold K. Schilling (21) referred to science as having the qualities of a "social enterprise" which involved interaction, cooperation, and sharing. He pointed out that "intersubjective testability" (Sullivan's "consensual validation") is a synonym for "objectivity" and that the word "empirical" refers primarily to social rather than solitary experience. "Science, " he said, "is [of necessity] communal." The