To summarize the crucial distinction we wish to draw between learning processes and identificatory processes, the central element in the differentiation hinges on the problem of internalization. Learning processes can directly influence and bring about representational structuralization in the subject's inner cognitive world. They can also indirectly produce functional structuralizations in a variety of functions and combinations of functions, both of ego and superego. Learning processes do not effect structuralizing internalizations which constitute the internal organization of the self. Consequently, identificatory processes which are specifically internalizing cannot be reduced to or explained by learning processes as such.