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The Psychotherapy Research Project (PRP) of the Menninger Foundation was a 30-year effort to follow the treatment careers and subsequent life careers of 42 patients, half in psychoanalysis and half in expressive and supportive psychoanalytic psychotherapies, in order to learn more about what changes take place in these therapies (the outcome question) and how those changes come about (the process question). A major conclusion from the project was that structural change, traditionally regarded as achievable only in insight-aiming expressive-analytic approaches, was also reached often via intrinsically supportive therapeutic modes, and that in fact much of the (structural) change reached in the expressive-analytic therapies—psychoanalysis included—was on the basis of noninterpretive, supportive means within those therapies. Overall, in almost every instance across the range of therapies, the treatment carried more supportive elements than originally intended, and these elements accounted for sustantially more of the changes achieved than originally anticipated. A successor project in San Francisco (PRP-II) is designed to deal more definitively with these findings by defining underlying structural change (which is conceptualized differently within different theoretical perspectives in psychoanalysis) in terms of changes in experience-near observable "psychological capacities," on which adherents of all perspectives can agree, and then creating scales of these (mostly bidirectional) psychological capacities that will yield reliable measures of change over the course of therapy, that can then be more definitively correlated with the therapeutic modes (supportive or expressive-analytic) by which these changes are brought about.