This address, as many of Goldberg's papers, uses deceptively simple language. Only on closer and repeated reading does one recognize the theoretical sophistication and clinical significance of his communication. As a student of the philosophy of science, Goldberg has throughout his professional life concerned himself with the place of psychoanalysis among the sciences. Once he accepted Kohut's ideas, especially the central significance of empathy, his task became very complicated indeed. Kohut did not follow Heinz Hartmann in making psychoanalysis