In Rethinking Clinical Technique, Fred Busch continues to explicate Paul Gray's close process technique while at the same time differentiating aspects of his own work from that of Gray. Both Gray and Busch have emphasized the “developmental lag” in clinical technique since the theoretical basis for an ego psychology was heralded by Freud's “The Ego and the Id” and “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety.”

Although ego psychology brings to the forefront the existence of unconscious defenses and the necessity for their interpretation before addressing drive content, Gray and his disciples have made a convincing argument that the “new” ego psychology has not yet been fully integrated into clinical technique. Gray has attempted to correct