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The Manual of Panic Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy—eXtended Range (PFPP-XR1) expands panic focused psychodynamic psychotherapy (PFPP), originally developed in 1997 and empirically validated for the treatment of panic disorder, to treat other anxiety disorders such as agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The treatment as developed here is the first psychoanalytically based psychotherapy to have demonstrated efficacy as a sole treatment modality for DSM-IV Axis I Anxiety Disorders. It makes a valuable contribution to the effort within the psychoanalytic community to remain competitive in a field whose trajectory indicates a continuing shift toward manualized, empirically supported short-term therapies. But what does this movement mean for practitioners of psychodynamic psychotherapy, who have generally appreciated, if not cherished, a relatively unstructured approach? Psychoanalytic theory demands use of the therapist as an instrument of change (e.g., through the exploration of transference and countertransference); the therapist must respond authentically and spontaneously to such material as it arises. Many practitioners would feel constrained by a therapeutic model that imposes too much structure on therapy sessions. This balance between structure and freedom has heretofore marked one of the primary tensions between the psychodynamic and CBT models. From this perspective, a manualized treatment seems counterintuitive to, and