Humanism and the Schizophrenic Person: Schizophrenia: Its Origins and Need-Adapted Treatment. By Yrjö O. Alanen. Translated by Sirkka-Liisa Leinonen. London:  Karnac Books, 1997,  xx + 312 pp., $68.95 paperback. Psychotherapeutic Approaches to Schizophrenic Psychoses: Past, Present and Future. Edited by Yrjö O. Alanen, Manuel González de Chávez, Ann-Louise S. Silver, and Brian Martindale. New York:  Routledge, 2009,  xx + 398 pp., $165.00 hardcover, $53.95 paperback.

The roles of psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, and other psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia have evolved in a number of ways since Emil Kraepelin's 1890s description of “Dementia Praecox as a brain process of unknown causation, leading to demented end states” (Alanen, chapter 1 in Alanen et al. , p. 4). Eugen Bleuler (1911), who coined the term schizophrenia for dementia praecox, disagreed with Kraepelin about the eventual outcome of schizophrenic disorders. He believed that not all schizophrenic patients progress to dementia, and argued that the disorder is not due entirely to organic causes. Bleuler described the “primary” symptoms of schizophrenia—“autism and disintegration of cognitive and affective functions—as being most probably due to organic causes, but attributed the content of the ‘secondary’ symptoms—including delusions and hallucinations—to the patient's individual complexes” (p. 4). Bleuler believed that secondary symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations could be treated with psychoanalysis. Bleuler was director of the University Psychiatric Hospital in Zurich, the Burghölzli, from 1898 to 1927, and his colleagues there “used Freud's method of free association and attention to expressions of