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Historically, psychoanalysts beginning with Freud (1917, 1937) have maintained that the validity of psychoanalytic ideas is best supported or refuted by clinical material, in particular the patient's responses to interpretations. The child and adult psychoanalytic literature has consequently become an accumulation of case reports, intended to illustrate particular theoretical propositions (Fonagy & Tallandini-Shallice, 1992). Grünbaum (1984, 1986) and other philosophers of