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In 1893, Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer published the paper on the psychological mechanisms of hysterical phenomena which laid the foundations of the whole structure of psychoanalysis. As is well known, during the succeeding years Freud worked almost alone; and it was not until 1902 that a group of interested physicians and scientists gathered around him in Vienna.
At about the same time Bleuler and his assistants in Zurich began to apply to the material of hospital psychiatry the facts which Freud was observing and reporting from office practice. By 1907 an active scientific interchange had begun between Vienna and Zurich; and in 1908 those who were interested in analysis gathered together in Salzburg for an informal exchange of views. It was during these eventful years that a group of psychiatrists from the American continent studied and visited in Zurich, receiving there an introduction to psychoanalytic psychiatry. Foremost among these were A. A. Brill and Smith Ely Jelliffe of New York, and Ernest Jones, then of Canada.
In 1909 the “Jahrbuch fur Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen” was issued; and in 1910, when the first International Psychoanalytic Congress was held in Nuremburg, the International Psychoanalytical Association was formally launched. Its original constituent groups were the Psychoanalytic Societies of Berlin, Zurich, and Vienna. A short time later a Budapest group under Ferenczi was added; and in 1911, at the Congress in Weimar, the American Psychoanalytic Association was given formal recognition.
In America, however, interest in psychoanalysis had first been manifested at a much earlier date. Indeed as early as 1894 William James had lectured to his classes on the early papers of Breuer and Freud. Thereafter a watchful lull occurred, which ended between 1907 and 1909 with the return