Dina Wardi, the author of Memorial Candles, is one of the first psychotherapists in Israel to use group therapy in the treatment of the second generation of Holocaust survivors. She herself, an Italian Jewish child whose Zionist father was actively engaged in helping refugees from the Nazi terror to escape through Italy, was brought to Palestine by her parents before the dark shadows of the Holocaust could engulf them. Thus her earliest years were spent in a family background where intense worries about personal survival and the survival of loved ones were never far from the surface. As she writes: ‘My parents were not actually Holocaust survivors but the Holocaust nevertheless impressed its stamp upon various layers of my inner world as it did for