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British Journal of Medical Psychology 67, 305-317, 1994
Psychoanalytic theory holds that dynamic insight is used for self-observation and self-analysis during and after explorative therapy. Such self-analysis is held to lead to stable dynamic change. Within a sample of 43 moderately disturbed out-patients, pre-treatment level of insight was associated with treatment length, with not being an early or late dropout, and with receiving additional psychotherapy during a four-year follow-up period. Pre-treatment level of insight turned out to be not directly correlated with outcome two and four years after therapy. However, level of insight was significantly correlated with outcome in interaction with treatment length. Gain of insight measured at two-year follow-up was the strongest predictor of overall dynamic change four years after therapy, compared with all the other outcome assessments made at two-year follow-up.
Psychotherapy Research 4(2), 121-135, 1994
A previous clinical trial provided the opportunity to examine the roles and interaction of alliance and technique in both short- and long-term analytic psychotherapy. Two separate teams of trained clinical judges rated either alliance on the CALPAS or therapist interventions on the ITS. Outcome included symptomatology and interpersonal problems. In short-term therapy, working and therapeutic alliance ratings contributed significantly to the reduction of symptomatology only. In longterm therapy, working alliance ratings contributed significantly to the reduction of interpersonal problems, and the interaction of working alliance ratings with supportive or exploratory intervention rating was found to accoun