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Whereas Freud commonly associates guilt with the self-directed aggression of the punitive superego and invariably equates unconscious guilt with the unconscious need for punishment expressed in patterns of self-torment and self-sabotage, Klein views guilt as what Winnicott called “the capacity for concern” the depressive anxiety that our hate may damage or destroy the good object and self. Without calling into question Freud's equation of unconscious guilt with the unconscious need for punishment, writers in the Kleinian tradition have addressed the ways in which self-torment, rather than being a manifestation of guilt, serves as a defence against it. As a guilt-substitute, the unconscious need for punishment should not be conflated with the guilt it evades. As depressive anxiety or concern for the object, guilt is a manifestation of attachment and love (Eros) and motivates the desire to make reparation. In contrast, the unconscious need for punishment involves the persecutory anxiety and shame characterizing the paranoid-schizoid position and is a manifestation of narcissism and hate (Thanatos). The discontent Freud links with civilization is not a manifestation of guilt but of the self-torment resulting from its evasion. The enlarged capacity to experience and bear guilt (i.e., to love and thereby have conscience) that is a mark of civilization reflects the healing, not the deepening, of our cultural malaise.
Presented to the Toronto Psychoanalytic Society, September 13, 2006, this paper is a much revised and expanded version of a paper entitled “The Unconscious Need for Punishment: Expression or Evasion of the Sense of Guilt?” first presented at an International Symposium on Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents (McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, September 1999) and subsequently published in Psychoanalytic Studies, 3(1), 9-21.
Alors que Freud associe généralement la culpabilité à l'agression d'un sur-moi punitif dirigée contre le moi, et assimile invariablement la culpabilité inconsciente à un besoin inconscient de punition qui s'exprime dans des tendances à l'autoflagellation et à l'autosabotage, Klein considère la culpabilité comme ce que Winnicott a appelé « la capacité de s'inquiéter », ou l'anxiété dépressive provoquée par la crainte que notre haine n'endommage ou ne détruise le bon objet et le moi. Sans remettre en question le concept freudien, les auteurs de tradition kleinienne se sont penchés sur diverses manières d'interpréter l'autoflagellation non comme une manifestation de la culpabilité, mais plutôt comme un mécanisme de défense contre celle-ci. Le besoin inconscient de punition, en tant que substitut à la culpabilité, ne doit pas être confondu avec la culpabilité même à laquelle il tente de soustraire le moi. En tant qu'anxiété dépressive ou inquiétude envers l'objet, la culpabilité est une manifestation d'attachement et d'amour (Eros), qui motive le désir de réparation. En revanche, le besoin inconscient de punition renvoie à l'anxiété persécutrice et la honte sous-jacentes à la position paranoïde-schizoïde, et constitue une manifestation de narcissisme et de haine (Thanatos). Le malaise que Freud associe à la civilisation n'est pas une manifestation de culpabilité, mais l'autoflagellation qu'entraîne la fuite devant cette culpabilité. La capacité plus large de vivre et de tolérer la culpabilité (à savoir, d'aimer et par conséquent d'avoir conscience d'exister) est une marque de civilisation qui tend vers la guérison plutôt que vers l'aggravation de notre malaise culturel.
In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a “moral” factor … which is finding its satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering … But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty; he does not feel guilty, he feels ill.
—Sigmund Freud
A person will spend his whole life writhing in the clutches of the superficial, psychological symptoms of guilt unless he learns to speak its true language.
—James Carroll