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WE ARE IN A PERIOD OF BURGEONING interest in the Third Reich, judging by the mounting spate of books concerning this era. Though for some years the American public has had some sense of the contribution made by the emigre psychoanalysts—hardly with adequate due—the startling fact is that, so far, almost nothing has been published in the United States regarding the survival, during those dark times, of the European psychoanalysts as human beings, and of psychoanalysis as functioning theory and practice.
On this side of the Atlantic, psychoanalysis, Freudian and neo-Freudian, and their derivative therapies, have flourished from 1933 onward, the year that began the diaspora from Europe. And most Americans, particularly professionals, if they gave it any thought at all, assumed that psychoanalysis on the Continent, if not actually dead, was certainly moribund. Indeed, in his classic biography of Freud, Ernest Jones exclaimed that psychoanalysis had died in Europe with the flight of Sigmund and Anna Freud under the protective aegis of Marie Bonaparte. Despite Jones's authority and his monumental service to literature and classical psychoanalysis, we found, that even after the enforced departure of so many psychoanalysts during that period, psychoanalysis in Europe had managed to survive. How had that been possible?