OUR INTERVIEWS AND STUDIES SPAN the vicissitudes that best psychoanalysis and psychoanalysts in the European countries that suffered the searing effusion of Nazis and Nazism. We also have been given a perspective from some of their neutral neighbors, who nevertheless lived with their own fear and empathized anxiety in the midst of the turbulence.

We have learned of the dynamic roles played by persons, still obscure, who functioned at the center of the storm. We have also had access to documentary information concerning the functioning of the training of psychoanalysts. We hope to present this further at a future date in an extensive publication.

Revealing this European experience (of PSYCHOANALYSIS UNDERGROUND) goes far beyond a task of historicity. There is an enduring lesson to be learned in the travail and choices made that apply to ordeals that confront psychoanalysts and psychiatrists, perhaps not only in presentday totalitarian countries but everywhere. (R.S.)