ONE OF THE PROBLEMS OF writing a paper for delivery before a live audience is that constraints of time and respect for the listeners demands that an author curtail his enthusiasm and bring his paper to an end long before he feels that everything he might and should have said has received a hearing. I feel fortunate, therefore, that my three discussants in their lengthy and thoughtful critiques have made up for some of my omissions, as well as called attention to issues where I apparently need to make myself clearer than I did.

Dr. Cooper correctly emphasizes the long struggle within psychoanalysis to undo the damage done by the dual instinct theory of motivation. However, I am not as sanguine as he seems to be that this is now a settled issue. On the clinical level he adds a very important caveat to my brief sketch of the relation between development