IT DOESN'T COME TO ME as a surprise that all four speakers stress empathy as a way of knowing. To quote Herbert Butterfield (1957):

… of all forms of mental activity, the most difficult to induce even in the young … is the art of handling the same bundle of data as before, but placing them in a new system of relations with one another by giving them a different framework all of which virtually means putting on a different kind of thinking-cap for the moment.

I was hoping that a new way of looking at empathy would develop in this panel.

Issacharoff's paper is on neutrality and I think this adds emphasis to the outlook that the attitude of the analyst presumably helps to achieve a better frame of mind to use pertinent information, which in turn should contribute to an accurate use of empathy. However, the word empathy is used so loosely that it includes