IF I WERE TO ATTEMPT to trace the history of psychoanalytic thought and condense it into a few sentences, (risking oversimplification) I would say that the major milestones were:

• a.Freud's conception of the unconscious, and the analyst's role in making the unconscious conscious. The analyst is the "knower" of the patient's unconscious, and raises unconscious repressed material to consciousness through interpretation.

• b.Sullivan's (1940) concept of participant observation, which moved the analyst away from the stance of objective, all knowing, observer, functioning in an aseptic field (presumably uncontaminated by the presence of the analyst), to full participation in the analytic process, a participation that affected the patient's reactions. The analyst-observer was also the observed, and the nature