AT THE TIME I BEGAN MY TRAINING in 1959, the White Institute was for me the best of all possible worlds.

I was attracted to the work of Fromm and Sullivan, not only because they made sense to me, but also because, as thinkers, they embodied the essence of academic freedom. To them, academic freedom was not only a right, but also a responsibility. By this I mean a commitment, not so much to originating one's ideas, but to be responsible for one's ideas, to accept nothing as given, nothing on the basis of authority, nothing on the basis of what would make one feel congenial and acceptable to one's psychoanalytic community.

I felt repelled by what I knew about training in classical