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All the material making up the content of a dream is in some way derived from experience.
S. Freud, Interpretation of Dreams
IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, there is a tradition of considering clinical data from multiple points of view in Freud's (1915b) metapsychological assumption's and Waelder's (1936) principle of multiple determination. After Hartmann's (1939) work on ego adaptation, Rapaport and Gill (1959) suggested that Freud's original metapsychological list should be expanded to include the economic, dynamic, topographic, structural, genetic, and adaptive points of view. Anna Freud (1965) broadened this even further into a comprehensive metapsychological profile for clinical data considering these and other viewpoints from a developmental perspective.
In this manner, Freudian theory has been able to reconsider alternative viewpoints that were first opposed and to gradually integrate them into an increasingly multi-dimensional psychoanalysis, as in the rejection of Alder's (1908) suggestion of an aggressive drive coexistent with the libido that was later incorporated into Freud's (1920) dual instinct theory. More recently, the integration of aspects of Kleinian object relations theory and Freudian ego psychology by Winnicott, Mahler, and Kernberg and Kohut's expansion of Freud's (1914) sketch on narcissism into a separate line has led to Freudian proposals to add object relations and self psychology to Freud's list of metapsychological points of view (Pine, 1990) or to Anna Freud's developmental lines (Gedo and Goldberg, 1973).
While there is a trend in discussions of Freudian theory to incorporate aspects of Sullivan and Thompson, e.g., in Stone's (1984) work on the human relationship and the here-and-now in treatment, and Gill's (1982) reconsideration of transference,