If Psychoanalysis is to take its place among legitimate scholarly and therapeutic disciplines, it must give up its reflexive reliance on authority, its penchant for ad hominem argument, the endless recycling of theory, and begin paying attention to evidence that contradicts received ideas. All these tendencies can be traced to the original authority, Freud, and have been perpetuated through the years in psychoanalytic organizations, training institutes, and publications. In other words, if our field is to survive, it must follow the course of other sciences, social sciences, and humane endeavors—medicine, history, evolutionary biology, anthropology, developmental psychology—and not remain closed to research and new approaches. There are many encouraging signs in recent years that such changes are underway, that a truly contemporary