The Literature in Dutch

The works of Van der Chys (4, 1914), Ad. F. Meyer (18, 1916), Van de Hoop (9, 1917) are more or less popular summaries of psycho-analytic doctrines, without however rejecting Jung.

Criticisms, without any new arguments, are furnished by L. v. Mierop (22, 1914), Prof. de Boer (1, 1914), Prof. Winkler (40, 1917), Prof. Heering (8, 1917), F. Roels (29, 1918); (30, 1918), van Valkenburg (39, 1918), Prof. Kristensen (16, 1918), and Kiewiet de Jonge (15, 1918). A reply to de Boer's criticisms was made by J. Stärcke (34, 1914).

Ad. F. Meyer (17, 1915) has written a Dutch handbook of Psycho-Analysis. The reviewer knows of no other author who has condensed the material so successfully and so clearly for the public. He devotes part of his second chapter to the differences between Freud and Jung and in this work is still of the opinion that there is no essential difference between them. The only point in which this lies, according to the author, is the question whether at the outbreak of a manifest neurosis the libido is already fixated on unconscious thoughts or becomes unconscious at that moment. (Later this author adopted the Freudian view [20, 1917]).

A. Stärcke (32, 1914) tries to identify the Freudian libido concept with the theoretical biological concept of an impulse to death. In contrast with this stands the ego-impulse as the principle striving after individual life. The ego-impulse is regarded as being innate, but the libido as being fostered by the deferred effects of stimuli or perhaps entirely composed of them.

The ego-impulse seeks to accumulate energy from the cosmos into the individual, strives for centralization, magnification of the individual and prolongation of individual life. The libido on the other hand strives to give up energy and to abolish individuality. The originally preponderating ego-impulse is the theoretical expression of the very great initial rapidity of growth, which becomes steadied by the increasing libido. Finally comes a state of