Of recent years several works have been published giving reports of incestuous relationships, especially between fathers and daughters, in the

lower strata of society (where there is insufficient housing accommodation), and amongst persons of inferior development. The data have been acquired mainly from children and young persons under organized Social Care. Professor Többen discusses the penalization of incest and other methods of combating it; he quotes freely from the literature of the subject, and his report of the Province of Westphalia is prefaced by a general historical survey of the question. One of the points which he makes is that in many ancient peoples, civilized and uncivilized, incestuous relations were not merely not forbidden but actually enjoined, the gods being held up as an example in this matter, and further that at the present time in many States (e.g. Holland, France, Belgium, Spain and others) there is no punishment for incest.