The Foundations of Education.: By J. J. Findlay, Sarah Fielden Professor of Education in the University of Manchester. Vol. I., The Aims and Organization of Education. (University of London Press, London, 1925. Pp. 274. Price 7 s. 6 d. net.)

Professor Findlay's name is held in respect among all who are interested

in education and in efforts towards clearer thinking, and as might be expected, The Foundations of Education is characterized by a cautious yet enquiring and courageous spirit, and by a very serious approach to problems whose complexity the author always endeavours to appreciate. This is the first volume of his Foundations of Education, and is mainly concerned with an enquiry into 'Principles and Projects', especially into educational aims and the means of achieving these: the second volume will embody the author's views on the bases of some of our educational doctrines and the need for a more philosophical foundation.

It is, necessarily, a matter of interest in dealing with a work which seeks to investigate foundations in educational theory and practice to enquire how far the author shows, directly or indirectly, knowledge and appreciation of psycho-analytical theory, since little foundational work of value can be achieved without such equipment. There is much in Professor Findlay's volume which reveals wisdom, insight, and, above all, intuitive understanding of the motives which influence our educators and our educational methods; further, one realizes clearly that many of his ideas and conclusions could hardly exist were it not for the influence that psycho-analysis has created. At the same time, he is at some pains to hold aloof, and at times throws out deprecatory and even disparaging criticism in regard to psycho-analytic findings, though admitting that he makes 'no pretension to have mastered the full import of these researches so as to discriminate closely between the conclusions of Freud, Jung, and the late Dr. Rivers' (p. 40.) After this he goes on to say, somewhat illogically, 'I am very sure that the layman, however ardent he may be in the search for truth, should abstain from probing into his own consciousness by the procedure of psycho-analysis, unless he and others wiser th