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This rather lengthy, but simply written paper can almost be condensed into four words: 'never interpret repressed material'. The analyst can adopt one of three procedures: (1) Direct interpretation of repressed material. The therapeutic effect is practically nil. (2) Indirect interpretation of repressed material (Andeutungsverfahren). This consists in handling the patient's associations in such a way that he himself may find his way to the repressed impulses, and if he does, it will give him additional pleasure, since he will be able to pride himself on his acumen. (3) Consistent (konsequent) analysis of resistances. This method alone brings about the genuine instinctual discharge (echten Triebdurchbruch) which constitutes the essential therapeutic factor. When this occurs, it is not for the analyst to explain the content which there finds expression, since there is no longer anything to explain, but to bring before his patient once more and explain the operation of the resistances which were opposed to the particular break through. It is one thing to make repressed material conscious, and another to focus the patient's attention on the preconscious resistances (resistance-thoughts—Widerstandsgedanken) which are withdrawn from it. Interpretation of content could only be justified theoretically in those extremely rare cases where it would lead to a lightning-clear view of the resistance-thoughts. Otherwise, except where it leaves the patient indifferent, it is positively harmful, since it creates a special form of resistance, which although not insuperable, is more difficult still to overcome. The affective reactions evoked by this procedure are most