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Dr. Glover: War is a disease, a functional abnormality, or better, an inexpedient form of instinct adaptation to be diagnosed and treated on psycho-analytic lines. Crises leading to mental illness are due either to inefficiency or to excessive function of the unconscious defensive mechanisms developed by the mind in its early struggles with primitive destructive and sexual instincts. Of these mechanisms none are more dramatic than projection and introjection, which are typical of the paranoid and melancholic psychoses of adult life and correspond with homicidal and suicidal systems respectively. Thus war illustrates the operation of projection, while in pacifism, introjection has on the whole prevailed. In the general public, who are neither militarist nor pacifist, projection and introjection have established a rough balance, which however has three drawbacks: it will not withstand a crisis, and it prevents the man in the street realizing that the external problem of war is urgent, or that it is identical with his own internal problem. The man in the street is too peaceful to be a pacifist; the pacifist in his urgent need to arrive at conclusions and results is too militant to be effective; and the militarist is too desperately in need of inner peace to forego war.
Professor Ginsberg: According to August Compte, there are three stages of social development in the theoretical realm which correspond with three stages in the practical realm; the theological, metaphysical and positivist stages being correlated respectively with aggressive militarism, defensive militarism and peaceful industrialism. Herbert Spencer, on the other hand, distinguished two types of society: a militant type based on coercion, and an industrial type characterized by voluntary co-operation. Society,