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Pavlov's psycho-physiology assumes a mosaic-like structure of the organism and the psyche. Schilder's criticism is mainly directed against Pavlov's terms such as excitation, inhibition, irradiation, etc. The concepts which Pavlov attaches to these words are not the same as those used in physiology. The same is true of the conception of the conditioned reflex. 'It is a complicated reaction, a behaviour, in which the personality of the animal, according to Pavlov's own statement, plays an important rôle. … The expression reflex loses, in this connection, its specific meaning and only conveys then that one is not interested in the subjective side of the reactions of the animal, but in their objective manifestations.' Schilder shews several examples of holistic reactions in Pavlov's experiments which are an experimental proof of the fundamental facts of the Gestalt-theory. The author's aim is a psycho-analytical understanding of Pavlov's experimental work: He shewed where transference and symbolic thinking were essential conditions in these experiments. But regarding Pavlov's theory this is what he says: 'we have to give up either the concepts of the personality as a whole, and of entities and of configurations in general or Pavlov's theory of the mosaic of excitation and inhibition. The results of Pavlov's experiments are valuable and interesting. His physiology, however, is a pseudo-physiology, a popular mosaic psychology, using a physiological terminology'.