Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 1, 1953, No. 4: George Devereux. 'Cultural Factors in Psycho-analytic Therapy.'

Culture is a characteristic human trait. Although the human psyche and culture are the results of a biological potentiality, neither can be considered as biological characteristics of the genus Homo, but must be thought of as uniquely human characteristics of man. The culturalization of man is dependent upon and the result of the substitution of biological impulses by plastic, economical, goal adapted behaviour. Both psycho-analysis and anthropology study that which is distinctively human and both are sciences concerned with individuality and differentiation.

The human being experiences culture in five different ways, depending upon whether he is (1) normal, (2) immature and regressed, (3) neurotic, (4) psychotic, (5) psychopathic. The normal adjusts to and experiences culture; the immature manipulates culture in anachronistic ways; the neurotic reinterprets culture in accordance with his unconscious conflicts; the psychotic repudiates culture; the psychopath fights a battle with culture. He fails to internalize culture, as do all the other groups except the psychotic.

Observations are recorded from the psycho-analysis and psychotherapeutic research conducted with several American Indians.