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As a very obvious sequel to Freud's reformulated theory of instincts, psycho-analysis has been occupied with the interrelation of the two primal drives. Freud's views have been elaborated further in the researches of H. Hartmann, E. Kris, and R. M. Loewenstein, who analyze in detail the general function of theory in psycho-analysis. The fruitful stimulus provided by their theoretical presentations is reflected in the writings of the following authors: R. A. Spitz applies their views on aggression to his own findings in infancy. He traces the differentiation and eventual fusion of the drives through several stages, which are paralleled by corresponding stages of ego development and of establishment of object relationships. The results of damming-up and of defusion of the drives are illustrated on the clinical syndrome of anaclitic depression. M. Schur discusses the theory of anxiety. Stages of ego development are described in which a hierarchy of (danger) situations is correlated with a hierarchy of ego responses, of which 'somatization' and 'desomatization' at the respective ends of the scale are significant concepts for the understanding of psychosomatic phenomena. J. Lampl-de Groot uses the depressive states as a clinical basis for stating her views on the aims of the aggressive drive and on the interrelationship of the primal drives in the development of the ego and of object relationships. Relevant conclusions are drawn to the therapeutic possibilities with depressive patients. D. Burling-ham gives clinical examples of states of enforced or voluntary motor restraint in children and in adults. Her observations bear out the close connection between the muscular system and energy discharges derived from both instinctual drives. H. Flournoy emphasizes the role of aggression against the rival brother in homosexual attraction. The eminence of the two famous inverts of antiquity, Socrates and Plato, is shown to be the result of repression and sublimation.