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On 1 March 1985, four clinical psychologists, acting on behalf of a declared class of several thousand psychoanalytically-interested psychologists in the United States, filed a lawsuit against the American Psychoanalytic Association (and two of its affiliated Institutes) on Sherman anti-trust grounds, alleging a conspiracy in restraint of trade, designed to deprive them of access to training and practice in this very prestigious and lucrative means of livelihood. The International was secondarily involved and sued for allowing