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Theodore Shapiro and Waldemar Zusman delivered their papers but Gertie Bögel' was cancelled. After consultation with the presenters and the audience, the Moderator, Juan-Francisco Jordan Moore, decided to allot the extra time to the participants and to questions from the audience. We ended up with little time for questions from the floor.
Both Shapiro and Zusman documented the extent and use of Freud' knowledge of evolution theory. They referred to overlooked papers by Ritvo (e.g. 1974). But overlap was otherwise minimal, because they adopted different points of view for their talks. Shapiro posited that Freud very soon expanded Darwin theory in depth—he was not ‘bound to surface descriptive data’, he was studying the taxonomy of mankind mental processes. Shapiro divided his talk into two parts: (1) the evolutionary biology of attachment theory and (2) emotional expressions in relation to phylogenetic memory.
1) Evolutionary psychological biology started with Darwin, when he realised the importance of some form of language for survival of the species with small broods. The oviviparous precocial, as well as altricial, animals, require long, sometimes protracted period of care-taking by one or both parents or suitable substitutes. Their broods require an emotional expression of that attachment for calling their young, as well as responding in case of need or danger, a kind of language related to phylogenetic memory that is transmitted to the brood.
2) Freud made that idea essential to his theory of development and extended it to mental representations and memory, based on the model of the reflex arc—but becoming a sequence of signals of pain/pleasure and danger in the mind/brain, where they were internalised. Based on those mentalisations, in the absence of need-fulfilling objects, this leads to wish-fulfilling hallucinations, increasing the threshold for pain and frustration (Rapaport, 1950). It eventually led from action to thought, and thought as trial action. That pr