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Loewald's understanding of ego development offers a way to conceptualise, from a psychoanalytic perspective, those aspects of religious experience that can reflect or contribute to the enrichment of the ego, in contradistinction to the defensive and regressive elements of religious experience that have been well detailed in the psychoanalytic literature in the past. In Loewald's view, a dynamic and metabolic interplay between ego and reality characterises the developmental process. With increasing levels of internalisation, differentiation, individuation and integration, ego and reality are restructured into increasingly resilient and durable forms. An ongoing dialectical tension between separation and reunion provides the driving force for development. Loewald's emphasis on the synthetic rather than defensive aspects of ego functioning forms the basis for his characterisation of sublimation as a ‘genuine appropriation’ rather than a defence, thus opening up one way to understand non-defensive aspects of religious experience from a psychoanalytic perspective. In the course of this exploration of Loewald's view of ego development and its implications for an understanding of religious experience, the author offers perspectives on Freud's views of religion, on some extreme forms of religious fundamentalism, and on the dynamics of ‘mature’ faith as illuminated by Loewald's developmental theory.
Thousands of blossoms, red, brown, white, yellow, black, scattered on ground made tender by their falling.
This human body, more fragile than the dew drops on the countless tips of morning grass.
My wailing voice is the September wind, and in the dark night, silence speaks:
I will die only when love dies, and you will not let love die.
(from a sermon by Bonnie Myotai Treace, Sensai, Fire Lotus Temple, Zen Mountain Monastery, Brooklyn, NY, 14 September 2001).