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The second panel on the history of psychoanalysis focused on the resistances that Eitingon had to battle in his effort to disseminate the Berlin training model worldwide through the ‘International Training Commission’ (Michael Schröter) and on the role played by Sandor Rado in this and in constructing the training in New York (Craig Tomlinson). Finally, Ludger M. Hermanns spoke about the reimportation of psychoanalysis to Germany after 1945.
Michael Schröter's paper discussed the international regulation of psychoanalytic training, which originated from Berlin. In 1923, the training guidelines of the Berlin Institute were laid down. They encompassed the three well-known cornerstones of the Eitingon model: training analysis, theoretical courses and treatment under supervision. The duration of training was set at three years and—more importantly than is often estimated—for the first time a training committee was established, which was granted complete authority in training matters. These regulations were a pioneering act on the path of psychoanalysis towards its professionalization and were essentially imposed by Max Eitingon. It was also he who suggested in 1925 the establishment of an International Training Commission (ITC) as an organ of the IPA, with the aim ‘to impose the brilliant example of Berlin everywhere as an obligatory model’ (unpublished letter from Ferenczi to Eitingon, 24.10.1925).
Within a very short space of time, it became clear how far matters of training were combined here with the struggle for power and influence. This struggle became further complicated by the fact that the regulation of training was connected with the question of lay analysis, and, specifically, whether non-medical professional groups as well as doctors should be admitted for training. Schröter outlined the course of the discussions concerning the ITC, which in many respects resemble a political thriller. Besides Eitingon, Ernest Jones, Sandor Rado and Anna Freud were the main ke