The relationship of neuropsychoanalysis to psychoanalysis has been a subject of debate. The authors review a number of areas where neuropsychoanalysis has made a contribution to psychoanalytic theory; drive theory, dreams, cathexis, repetition compulsion, death instinct, dynamic unconscious, and addiction. Pain is discussed both as an affect involving tissue protection and a regulator of interpersonal closeness. Neuroscience facilitates the development of new psychoanalytic theory, such as Bazan's description of anxiety driven by unconscious intentions or “phantoms.” The authors suggest that neuroscience be advantageously adopted as the basic science of psychoanalysis, similar to how biological science underpins the practice of medicine. Results of adopting the “dual aspect monism” approach of idiographic psychoanalytic clinical observation combined with nomothetic investigation of related human phenomena include clarification and revision of theory, restoration of the scientific base of psychoanalysis, and improvement of clinical treatments. The skepticism of theory inspired by relational psychoanalysis is preserved, while the descriptions of phenomena take on a “thick,” nuanced quality . By imbricating psychoanalytic thinking with neuroscience, psychoanalysts are positioned to make contributions to neuroscience research.