One of the main clinical observations that led Freud to the Structural Model (Second Topography1) was the discovery of unconscious resistances emanating from the unconscious part of the ego. In short he now presented a view of an unconscious that included the repressing forces, as well as the repressed. Yet this breakthrough in Freud's thinking had little impact at the time and, in spite of attempts to integrate this finding into clinical technique by some later authors, there have been few changes in topographically-inspired technique.2 This has important clinical consequences. The history of how this occurred, and why it is important are the subject of this paper.