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This paper’s aim is to summarize psychoanalytic thinking about the ground rules of psychotherapy and to offer a neuroscientific basis for understanding the psychotherapeutic frame. Examining the interactions between procedural (implicit) and declarative (explicit) memory systems can clarify the frame’s role in limiting the effects that acting out behaviors (enactments, re-enactments) can have on treatment, including unintended departures from psychotherapeutic technique.