You do not currently have permission to view the full text for this document. Please sign in to an account with an active subscription or contact support.
‘Ah’, said the Cat, listening, ‘but what is the Baby fond of?’
‘He is fond of things that are soft and tickle’ said the Bat. ‘He is fond of warm things to hold in his arms when he goes to sleep. He is fond of being played with. He is fond of all these things.’
In the previous chapter our account of the development of attachment is carried only a little beyond the first of four phases, that of ‘Orientation and signals without discrimination of figure’. In this chapter the second and third phases are described as they occur in infants brought up in an ordinary family setting. These phases are:
Phase 2—‘Orientation and signals directed towards one (or more) discriminated figure (s)’;
Phase 3—‘Maintenance of proximity to a discriminated figure by means of locomotion as well as signals’.
The issues that arise in understanding development during Phase 4, ‘Formation of a goal-corrected partnership’, are discussed in the final chapter.
For the development of behaviour that takes place during Phase 2, main sources of data are the very detailed observations made of Irish American infants in Boston by Wolff (1963) and of Ganda infants by Ainsworth (1967). For developments during Phase 3, main sources are observations of Ganda infants by Ainsworth and of Scottish infants in Glasgow by Schaffer and Emerson (1964a).
It is particularly fortunate that, with regard to development in Phase 3, reasonably comparable data are available for infants being brought up in such very different circumstances as rural Africa and urban Scotland, since whatever behavioural changes are common to infants in both these settings are likely to hold for infants in other settings also. One difficulty in comparing the two sets of data has, however, continually to be borne in mind. In the study of Schaffer and Emerson, the sole criterion