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In 'Remembering, repeating, and working-through' (1914), Freud observed that when analysis was conducted by what he called the 'newer technique', in which the patient's defences were to be analysed and worked through rather than prohibited, patients tended to repeat or act out the origins of their illness rather than remember them. To the extent that such
repetitions were confined to the transference neurosis as 'an intermediate region between illness and real life' they constituted 'the patient's way of remembering' and, as such, advanced the treatment. The main technical difficulty arose when the patient's behaviour remained, in effect, a 'piece of real life' which resisted confinement to the transference neurosis and undermined the treatment process.