This is the final report of the Columbia Psychoanalytic Center Research Project. The methods of investigation and main findings of the project were reviewed, and discussed from clinical and methodological perspectives. Additional data from the project were presented demonstrating that there is not only a highly substantial relationship between the development of an analytic process and the achievement of therapeutic benefit, but also that the magnitude of that relationship is enhanced by the accessibility of conscious insight. Data were also presented showing that there was little relationship between the extent of clinical improvement seen by analysts while a case is in progress and at its termination, suggesting that one must wait until a case is over before one can study what its final result will be. The importance of developing methodologically rigorous and analytically meaningful methods of investigation, and of studying outcomes in the light of the analytic-dyad (e.g. the analytic process, interventions, countertransferences, and the analyst-analysand match), was stressed.