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Over one hundred years ago Charles Darwin, in his volume, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), said, “… it seemed to me highly important to ascertain whether the same expressions and gestures prevail, as has often been asserted without much evidence, with all the races of mankind, especially those who have associated but little with Europeans. Whenever the same movements of the features or body express the same emotions in several distinct races of man, we may infer with much probability, that such expressions are true ones, — that is, are innate or instinctive.” Darwin emphasized the importance of cross-cultural research in determining whether expressions of emotion are common to all cultures. He hoped ultimately to show that certain expressions were universal and therefore innate and unlearned. This being the case, he hoped to demonstrate the evolution of these expressions from animal to man.
Much has been written about the relationship between facial expressions in man and other primates as well as about cross-cultural