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In a recent article in this Journal (1995), Brenner suggests that Freud's structural model of the mind be relinquished. In the same issue of the Journal, Kramer (1995) agrees with Brenner's suggestion. Kramer attributes the genesis of the structural model to the confluence of Freud's characterological “penchant for abstract speculation, and his consequent overvaluation of theory” with the “scientific culture of late nineteenth-century middle Europe.”
I agree with both Brenner and Kramer. I offer both historical data and my own late twentieth-century speculation to support Brenner's suggested revision.
According to Alexander and Selesnick (1966, pp. 185-186), the German psychiatrist Johann Christian Heinroth divided psychological processes into three levels: The lowest level represented