What might analytical psychologists and cognitive scientists have in common? Well, one possibility suggested in this thought-provoking synthesis of attachment theory, neuroscience and Jungian psychology is a Lamarckian confusion between what is innate and what is symbolic. The flaw in the French zoologist's evolutionary reasoning was to assume that what is learned in a lifetime can be genetically encoded to benefit subsequent generations. In her critical scrutiny of the Jungian concept of archetype Jean Knox finds similar confusions between what can be understood in terms of innate, ‘hard-wired’ knowledge that is devoid of personal meaning, and symbolic structures, stored within implicit memory in an unconscious format, that depend upon social interaction for their genesis. While the core of the book is concerned with re-evaluating the concepts of archetypes and complexes in the light of developments in attachment