Graham Music's paper gives us a wealth of neuroscience, infant development and attachment references that build a compelling case for the presence of altruism that is a kind, caring, ‘pro-social’ activity in infants, children and adults. Music sets out to challenge a narrow psychoanalytic view that ‘humans are naturally self-interested, drive-driven, destructive and aggressive, and that much that is seen as ‘good’ or ‘decent’ is a ‘reaction formation’ or worse, a form of dissembling which disguises baser motives’ (p. 155).

Music suggests that Freud's view was that ‘by internalizing a sense of what is right and “civilized”… instinctual impulses are curbed and the social good is protected’ (p. 155). Jung's view of a natural ethical position