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In the light of recently-published correspondence between Jung and Neumann, this paper considers and connects two aspects of their relationship: Jung's theory of an ethno-specific differentiation of the unconscious as formulated in 1934, and the relationship between Jung and Neumann at the beginning of the Holocaust in 1938-with Jung as the wise old man and a father figure on one hand, and Neumann as the apprentice and dependent son on the other.
In examining these two issues, a detailed interpretation of four letters, two by Neumann and two by Jung, written in 1938 and 1939, is given.
Neumann's reflections on the collective Jewish determination in the face of the November pogroms in 1938 led Jung to modify his view, with relativization and secularization of his former position. This shift precipitated a deep crisis with feelings of disorientation and desertion in Neumann; the paper discusses how a negative father complex was then constellated and imaged in a dream.
After years of silence, the two men were able to renew the deep bonds that characterized their lifelong friendship.