I read this paper with immense gratitude for the way the author explores this subject. Czubinska acknowledges that the issues that emerge in migrations such as loss, fragmentation, change, adjustment and alteration within the self and its identity have been dealt with by various authors, but in this paper she invites us to think about the external contexts that constitute the backdrop to the struggle with adaptation to a new reality. In her exposition is the notion that people migrate for many reasons, conscious and unconscious.

The ability to adapt to the new environment depends on sufficient ego development to be able to mourn one’s losses, connect with one’s potency and exercise a strong sense of agency. Drawing on the work of Winnicott , Daniel Stern (, ) and additionally on some Jungian writers