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Ping-Nie Pao was, for fifteen years until his death in 1981, Director of Psychotherapy at Chestnut Lodge, in a suburb of Washington, D.C., where interest in schizophrenia and work with schizophrenics has been a tradition since Frieda Fromm-Reichmann's stay as its first director of psychotherapy. Ping-Nie Pao's views on schizophrenia are consistent with those of Fromm-Reichmann and also with those of Chestnut Lodge's other most famous worker, Harold Searles. “I conceptualize schizophrenia in terms of human development; that is, a certain combination of nature and nurture in the first weeks of life results in a poor tolerance of affective experience and a deficient capacity for adaptation, which becomes increasingly worse and eventuates in schizophrenic illness.” (This from his comprehensive book, Schizophrenic Disorders.) This present collection of essays grew out of a conference held at Chestnut Lodge to honor and further Ping-Nie Pao's contribution to this area of psychoanalytic thought. Among the international contributors are Vamik Volkan, Joseph and Anne-Marie Sandler, James S. Grotstein, Clarice Kestenbaum.