You do not currently have permission to view the full text for this document. Please sign in to an account with an active subscription or contact support.
The ego has been described as a substructure of personality defined by its functions (Hartmann, 1950). Among these, Freud (1933) especially emphasized the importance of the functions that are directed toward reality, i.e., toward objects, representing the urge toward need- and wish-fulfillment. A conceptualization of this aspect of ego development has emerged in recent years in the writings of Hyman Spotnitz and his co-workers (Spotnitz, 1961, 1963a, 1963b, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1976; Spotnitz & Meadow, 1976; Spotnitz & Nagelberg, 1952; Spotnitz, Nagelberg, & Feldman, 1953, 1956; Borowitz, 1978). Out of their experiences in treating narcissistic patients, they have identified a contact function of the ego which reflects the person's capacity to perceive an other, to reach out to him, and to establish a relationship with him as object. As Spotnitz (1963a) defines it, the contact function represents “the patient's … direct attempts to elicit some personal information about the analyst or to involve the analyst in some emotional problem he is unable to express in words” (p. 54).
The term “contact” in the context of psychic development was introduced by Winnicott in 1945, when he stated that “at the start a simple contact with external or shared reality has to be made [by the infant]” (p. 154). The term was further employed extensively in